Most of those technologies overlap. Except for some disaster development scenarios, no one is actually using all those technologies in the same environment (i.e. they're not using Chef and Vagrant and Docker in production, at the same time)
Chef/Puppet/Salt/Ansible these days are just used to provision 1 VM/container (if even that, many people have just reverted to shell scripts) and that container is then managed using a container management tool (Swarm/Kubernetes).
"(if even that, many people have just reverted to shell scripts)"
Isn't Ansible basically just a way of executing shell scripts across multiple hosts in a sensible manner? At least that's how it's been explained to me.
Yes. Most of the value of Ansible is the library 100 of tasks like copy a file and replace variables, or restart a service if the config changed. It can do a lot of work in a few lines... But can also be a bit too much if you are already in a single container.
Chef/Puppet/Salt/Ansible these days are just used to provision 1 VM/container (if even that, many people have just reverted to shell scripts) and that container is then managed using a container management tool (Swarm/Kubernetes).