I think it’s little appreciated that high CO2 levels cause cognitive impairment, and with the same amount of (often very poor) air exchange, higher outdoor concentrations can push indoor spaces to levels that cause impaired cognition and poor sleep. I’ve already been seeing this in my home, and will often open windows even when cold just to keep co2 levels reasonable. One solution that can help is an external air heat exchanger, which can exchange air with the outdoors without compromising your homes heating and cooling like an open window will do.
Noticeable cognitive impairment starts in the 700-1000ppm range, whereas it is very common for homes to reach 2000-3000ppm, especially when in a closed bedroom.
> Noticeable cognitive impairment starts in the 700-1000ppm range
The US navy failed to detect such effects in submarine crew, even at much higher levels like 10,000 ppm.
Another reason to be skeptical is that exhaled breath is 4% CO2 (40,000 ppm!). Therefore a few thousand extra ppm in the inhaled air should not make much of a difference to the homeostasis mechanisms in our bodies.
Back in the 00’s I worked at a place where we were still ignoring WLB and would work until seven a couple nights a week on average. But the building AC shut off at 6. A few of us noticed that the later it got the worse our decisions and the worse the bickering and we eventually got to the policy that anyone could declare Deciding done for the evening when they realized we were just tired, hot, and stuffy. Every minute past about 6:15 got worse, particularly in summer.
I’m sure the CO2 was part of it but lack of circulation also means increasing temperature, especially with a bunch of people in a small meeting room. Long meetings themselves are a problem and any excuse to call it early is probably worth it even if it’s not entirely true.
I don’t need to look at studies in other people, I notice and feel the effects directly at high CO2 levels, such that I can tell when it it too high before checking the meter.
I’d need to look at the study, but I also suspect the submariners would be used to high CO2, and also not experienced enough in doing focused creative or knowledge work for impaired abilities there to be detectable.
Please consider the possibility that you can accurately detect increased CO2 (it increases your breathing rate almost instantly for example) without it causing impairement.
Even if you are right and there is no objectively measurable impaired abilities, the things I can detect directly are themselves extremely undesirable.
I feel irritable, and fatigued/sleepy when CO2 is high. Increased breathing rate by itself activates an undesirable sympathetic nervous system response, that anyone can notice immediately with deliberate breathwork.
Also, it seems likely to me that the same poor air exchange that leads to high co2 causes respiratory disease to spread more rapidly, and with a higher initial viral titer.
>One solution that can help is an external air heat exchanger
I have one of those, it blows fresh air in through the bedroom and sucks it back out through the kitchen (loft house, this route prevents food smells from wafting into the bedroom). Aside from just feeling fresh all year, this system also prevents mosquitoes from entering in summer while still allowing air circulation, it automatically bypasses the exchanger at night to provide cool air and it has some pollen filters installed which helps with hay fever.
So great economic return and a bunch of upsides, but it does require space for the exchanger and the ducts throughout the house.
This. I have that type (regenerative MHVR) installed in the attic for upstairs, and a synced pair of in-wall ceramic (recuperative) types on opposite sides of main living area downstairs (eliminating ducting, albeit with reduced efficiency). I haven't attempted any energy/ROI calculations but fresh filtered air, lower humidity and good nights sleep are well worth the claimed single-digit watt power usage to me.
I suspect bathrooms aren't big enough to buffer the air pressure but it seems like we should design the air handling so the “fan” is always on in the bathrooms. Maybe a split between several places and taking a bit from the cold air return for the rest.
The system is always on and moving air as a whole, and the water closet and bathroom have an intake duct that sucks in humid air that goes to the heat exchanger for exhaust. I have a little humidity sensor hooked up to Home Assistant that kicks the fan in the exchanger into a higher gear and returns to auto when humidity returns to baseline.
All rooms in the house have an intake or exhaust duct depending on requirements.
There is also a small control panel next to the thermostat in the living room that controls the whole system for when, ahem, your number two's are particularly odorous (or you're using the kitchen to cook for 6).
I have been monitoring for high CO2 for a few months now. I easily find myself in the 1000 - 1400 range for some time before I finally let some air in in winter.
I have not noticed significant cognitive impairment (not saying it did not happen)
My quality of sleep/life have greatly increased since installing an Energy Recovery Vent (ERV) — it exchanges outside/inside air through a membrane, which is about 60-80% efficient for both humidity and temperature re-capture (depending on fan speed).
I use a Panasonic model — readily available from Big Box Retail (~$700 + $100 in vent/conduit) — which can do 20 - 60 cfm (in my 900 sqft home this can easiliy exchange the entire volume several times per day).
> In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis of fifteen eligible studies was performed to quantify the effects of short-term CO2 exposure on cognitive task performance.
> The complex task performance declined significantly when exposed to additional CO2 concentrations of 1000–1500 ppm and 1500–3000 ppm
It looks like there might be a very small effect starting at around 1000ppm but so small that many studies find no difference at all, and reliable effects are only noted at 3000ppm or more.
So we're a long way from needing to scrub co2 from the atmosphere to get any work done
Not everyone in a population will be affected the same by the same conditions, and the constraints of peer reviewed research make them often a poor choice for guiding personal decisions. By the time you have conditions bad enough to statistically prove harm in a large population, you’re likely already way past causing harm worth preventing in some subset of the population.
I find it extremely unlikely that homes are routinely at 2000-3000 ppm. That is extremely high and would mean multiple people in a small area with no air exchange for a long while.
I monitor my indoor co2, but don't take any action because it's extremely rare to be above 700 or 800. I can only remember a handful of times its reached 1k ppm. And my house should be prime candidate for co2, it was built during the era of "seal all air gaps" but before ERV or HRVs. I also use pressurized co2 to inject co2 into a planted aquarium. And my dogs are terrified of open windows so they are rarely open.
It happens a lot in efficient houses that don't cover all bases with HVAC (the vast majority of recently built houses), where the room door is closed, maybe the vents are not ideal, and there is usually no makeup air or forced air ventilation other than a furnace intake.
This change in scientific literature actually causes a ~quadrupling of recommended airflow ratios for tight homes versus ASHRAE's previous guidelines, putting strong emphasis on an ERV. Previously, ventilation needs tended to be dominated by air quality and smell, by humidity buildup, or by theoretical house parties that maxed out the system.
This ventilation adds capital expense, but it's substantially more controllable and significantly cheaper in the long run in colder climates than 'just open a window' or 'just don't build the house so tightly sealed'. Reserve the operable window for the aforementioned house party, which is out of a reasonable design envelope.
My bedroom regularly gets to 3000 at night, and the flat in general is around 2000. This is in the winter, when I don't open the windows for days because of the cold. The flat is very well insulated.
I've been using Netatmo stations in each room plus one outside for a decade. They monitor temp, CO2, and humidity. My CO2 levels were nightmarish during wildfires in my part of California across multiple years. Of course, the air tasted horrible and it was absolutely evident how bad it was just breathing two different years so it was not at all surprising to see that correlated on instruments that I check multiple times every day.
I used an Awair Element after wondering if Co2 buildup was causing my groggieness in the morning and an ever so slight dull headache.
My bedroom was quite small at the time, but I measured the same effect of buildup in a larger bedroom, just the Co2 level took a little longer to reach it's peak.
In the small room it took about 45 mins to climb to about 1400 after I closed the door and went to sleep.
I'm currently trying to install some above-door vents to improve circulation but this is a topic most people don't consider at all, even though studies have shown the effects of classrooms having high Co2 concentrations on exam results and cognition.
> I wouldn’t put too much effort into vents above a door as we’ve seen that CO2 will leak through doors and even floors/ceilings very quickly.
I'd like it to vent out into the hallway and the rest of the apartment though, so not sure what you mean by it leaking through doors? It's obviously not leaking enough, hence the addition of a vent. It's either that or keeping my door open all night which isn't feasible due to noise by other family members waking up etc.
I'm using a desktop CO2 meter, they're cheap and accurate, and can be tested by just putting them outdoors and confirming that they read known outdoor levels correctly. What you are saying is not unlike doubting that it's possible to measure temperature with a thermometer- CO2 measurement is extremely reliable, cheap, and mature technology.
This is the meter I am using, costs $39, and is a calibrated instrument with +/- 3% accuracy. I have an academic colleague that uses these same devices for scientific research on plant metabolism, and they are highly accurate and are optionally self calibrating just by opening a window or putting them outdoors.
Why would this be unlikely as a prior? High CO2 changes your blood chemistry and breathing rates. Different breathing rates have a well understood effects on lots of systems including sympathetic/parasympathetic activation. There is no reason to expect humans to be evolutionary adapted to CO2 levels that we couldn't have experienced historically.
Several other posters in here have posted peer reviewed studies replicating these effects, but personally I find individual direct experience with my own body to be massively more generally useful when making health decisions than studies in other people, or some known mechanism.
In that case it wouldn't matter much to an individual making personal decisions about their environment. Either way, an environment with enough outdoor air exchange to keep CO2 low would avoid these effects.
But hypothetically, what other trace contaminants would you expect to be so universally correlated with CO2 in different environments that they could account for repeatedly observing these effects in different studies? That seems implausible.
There's tons of things in the air. Dust (and many different types of dust at different levels, both in contents and size), other gases at the trace level - lack of ventilation not only increases CO2 levels but everything else, too. And then there's the people factor. Who says that people who have proper ventilation and CO2 control are the same as the ones who don't?
If they really want to do a robust study they need to do an intervention study with clear levels of CO2 accurately controlled and the rest of the air being identical for everything else, otherwise it's purely meaningless. (it's doable, by the way).
Noticeable cognitive impairment starts in the 700-1000ppm range, whereas it is very common for homes to reach 2000-3000ppm, especially when in a closed bedroom.